Means of transport

प्राचीन समय में, लोग एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान की यात्रा करने के लिए पैदल चलते थे। जब पहिये का आविष्कार हुआ तो लोग गाड़ी से यात्रा करने लगे। विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी के विकास के साथ, साइकिल, रिक्शा, मोटर साइकिल, स्कूटर, कार, बस, ट्रेन, जहाज और हवाई जहाज जैसे परिवहन के विभिन्न तरीकों का आविष्कार किया गया था। ये सभी परिवहन के विभिन्न साधन हैं। आइए परिवहन के साधनों के बारे में अधिक जानें।

परिवहन के साधनों ने लोगों के साथ-साथ माल को भी कम से कम समय में एक स्थान से दूसरे स्थान तक ले जाने की अनुमति दी। हम यात्रा की जाने वाली दूरी, यात्रा की लागत और आवश्यक समय के आधार पर परिवहन का चयन करते हैं। परिवहन के तीन मुख्य साधन हैं। वे सड़क परिवहन, वायु परिवहन और जल परिवहन हैं।

Road Transport - Road transport is the most popular mode of transportation available in India. Modern vehicles like buses, trucks and motor cars can carry people as well as goods to different parts of the country. Roads connect villages and cities. A good network of roads is required during natural disasters like famines and floods. Roads in India are of two kinds - Kachcha roads or unsurfaced roads and pakka roads or surfaced roads. Kachcha roads or unsurfaced roads are usually found in villages. They are not properly built or maintained. Paving roads or surfaced roads are metalled roads which are properly built and well maintained. All the towns and cities are connected to each other by these roads. They are all-weather roads. 

Roadways - India has a great variety of road transport. India's network of the roads is one of the longest in the world. Roads play a major role in our transport system. India has a well developed network of roadways. There are four types of roads in Indian roadways: 

1. National Highways— these are roads which run from one corner to another corner of the country and join major cities. They are maintained by the central government. Grand Trunk Road (GT) is the most famous national highway of India. It stretches from Kolkata to Peshawar which is now in Pakistan. So, now we measure it up to Amritsar in Punjab. Some other important national highways are Delhi to Mumbai, Delhi to Dibrugarh, Varanasi to Kanniyakumari, Mumbai to Kolkata, Mumbai to Chennai, etc. 

2. State Highways— They connect every town and city in a state with its capital. The state government is responsible for building and maintaining these roads. 

3. District Roads— These roads connect the major towns and villages of a district with its headquarters. 

4. Border Roads— Such roads are constructed near the borders of our country to help implement the security measures easily. They are useful in supplying food and other things to the army personnel posted at the borders. 

Railways - Railways form another important mode of land transport. Indian Railways form the major network of the transport system as it carries large number of passengers and goods to different parts of the country. Indian Railway system is the biggest in Asia and the fourth largest in the world. Indian Railways provide fast and inexpensive railway services. All the major cities of our country are linked with fast moving trains like Shatabdi Express, Taj Express, Rajdhani Express, Gareeb Rath and Deccan Queen. Indian Railways are looked after by the Ministry of Railways. In Mumbai and Chennai, local trains carry many people daily to and from work. In Kolkata, there is underground railway system known as Metro. Delhi Metro is operational from 2002 on wards. Goods trains help in national trade as they carry all types of goods to long distances. Railways also provides mail services.

Water Transport - Water ways is an important mode of transport. It is cheaper than other modes of transport. Water ways is a common mode of transport in places adjacent to rivers, lakes and canals, and in the coastal areas. Boats, steamers, ferries, ships and ocean liners are used to travel in water bodies. Ganga and Brahmaputra are the two main rivers in North India that are navigable for long distances. Water transport along the coast is very important in India. India has a very long, coastline. Ships carry heavy loads so they require large ports to rest, load and sail out. There are 12 major and 184 medium and small seaports in India. Water transport is very useful for carrying goods and passengers. The major seaports in India are: 

On West Coast : Kandla, Mumbai, Jawaharlal, Marmagao, Mangalore, Kochi

On East Coast : Tuticorin, Chennai, Nehru Ennore, Visakhapatnam, Paradwip, Haldia

Air Transport - Airways is the fastest mode of transport but it is very expensive. Air transport is important in north-eastern parts of the country because of the difficult terrain. Aeroplanes are very useful in promoting trade. Fresh fruits, vegetables and other perishable items can be sent to remote areas by air. From apples from Kashmir valley to coconuts from Kerala, can be delivered across the world within hours. During war time, aeroplanes play an important role. Arms and ammunition, relief supplies and medical aid can be rushed to the war front with airways without much delay. Food, clothing and medicines can be supplied to the victims of natural calamities by air. 

Helicopters are very useful during floods and famines. They can be used to drop food, clothes and medicines in the affected areas. They are sometimes used to fight wildfires also. In India, air transport was started in 1911. India has more than 20 international airports. Some important airports are: 

• Bengaluru International Airport, Bengaluru 
• Calicut International Airport, Kozhikode 
• Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai 
• Chennai International Airport, Chennai 
• Cochin International Airport, Kochi 
• Coimbatore International Airport, Coimbatore 
• Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi 
• Mangalore International Airport, Mangalore 
• Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata
• Raja Sansi International Airport, Amritsar 
• Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad 
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad
• Trivandrum International Airport, Thiruvananthapuram
• Jay Prakash Narayan International Airport, Patna, Bihar

Means of transport

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